Final Paper

Final Paper

Presentation

Presentation

Abstract

Abstract

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 7 Annotations

Chapter seven basically sums up the whole book, basically stating we do not know where the future medicine is going to take us and we do not really have a definition for public health still. This was a main concept in the first chapter of the book, so there is definitely some circular reasoning there. Throughout the reading the definition of public health was lingering the whole time. In chapters 2-6 it was unimportant to know the exact definition, however it was important to know how public health has changed over the years. In chapter 1 and 7 it seems more detrimental to figure out what in the world the definition of public health may be. However, chapter seven too decides that knowing the definition is not important and then proceeds to kind of sum up what all has happened in the public health world and how they were overcome and treated. Chapter 7 also summarizes the ethics involved over the years which is one thing that has changed drastically. It also discusses the education and the effect that it has on the public and how it can help the health of the public. More terminology is coming into play and medical professionals are able to focus on a targeted group rather than having to focus on everybody because they are all sick. Institutions to educate people are on the rise and are provided in more locations that are accessible for those who would like to pursue a career in the medical field per say. Public health changes are being recorded on how it works best, with what focus. This is a reason public health is always changing and we are all using the past as a reference to improve the future.

Conclusion

Conclusion

Chapter 5&6 Annotations

Obviously we are still on public health issues because this is a public health class so in chapter 5 it is determined the as the rise of lifestyle. So during World War I the focus of public health shifted onto mothers and their babies. There were also changing patterns of disease known as the epidemiological transition brought on by World War II. However going back to World War I, infant mortality decreased and continued to fall during the war, however because of the shift in diseases there was an increased mortality from tuberculosis and STD's. In order to fix this the idea arose of education. However, it was controversial back then and still today, does teaching safe sex promote the risky behavior? After the war alcohol was in the decline with many places across the world attempting a prohibition, however none of them lasted very long. While the epidemic disease had departed, the influenza pandemic began and people were dying all over the place. Public health eventually gained control of clean water, sewage, regulation of streets and much more. This decreased sickness and helped make the United Kingdom a cleaner place. McGonigle researched and found that poor families had a death rate twice as much as families with money implanting the unemployment benefit to enable families to secure the minimal nutritional requirements, also known today as welfare. This happened in attempt to bring down the amount of death for poor families. Mortality from infection declined, but smoking became in issue. A lot of the focus to prevent smoking was on women because it impacted the health of both the mother and the fetus inside of her while when men smoked they only hurt themselves, unless you take into consideration second hand smoking, which is still toxic and very dangerous. People began researching different medical divisions nonstop and public health was split up into many subsections. This caused dilemmas with items that could fit into more than one category. This made the categories re-emerge back into public health, still with some issues, but not nearly the same amount. Onto Chapter 6. Sanitation in the European Empire grew and so did the health, except smallpox. This was first tested in India, but Europe proved the monetary value of it. Europe eventually drifted away from India. Tropical medicine was also studied. The environment was different and so was the rate of which certain diseases can live. Quarantine was used, but not always effective. Paris held a health meeting with the locals and eventually made public health organizations to increase the health and well being of its inhabitants. Along with many international health organizations. A lot of the health movement came from the wars The US and Europe collaborated on health issues, however ideas that were in kind of a grey area, such as STD's were not throughly discussed. International health was very large especially after World War II. Some widely known organizations are WHO (World Health Organization) and UNICEF  (the UN children's organization).WHO was behind the eradication of Malaria.This was found to be useful through the use of DDT, which was originally designed for typhus. With the war over the money that went to the war was now put into health budgets. Medical technology will always be changing and has always changed. The things that we have now were unimaginable back in the day.

Discussion

Here is my discussion I don't think it is quite done Discussion

Methods

Here is a really rough draft of my methods section the road map part isn't quite done. Methods Section

Chapter 3 and 4 Annotations

Audio link Ch 3&4

Chapter 1 and 2 annotations

Chapter 1 and 2

Results

Results

Writing Center

Synthesis Proposal

Synthesis Proposal

Synthesis Matrix Part 2

Synthesis Matrix Part 2

References Page

References Page

Synthesis Matrix 1-5

Synthesis Matrix part 1

In Class Work 2-22

Research Journal #3

So I decided to tweak my research question to focus purely on sexual functioning instead of including mental health. This made it so that I could not use 2 articles that I had already found and I trashed 2 articles because they did not support my research project well. I had to go back and find 4 more articles to support my question. So I went to the knowledge center online after I organized my research journal and I searched for more articles in which I found 4 more to support my question. I then saved these as .pdf and .docx so that I can review them further. Now that I have all of my articles squared away I will put the next five into the matrix along with the previous five.

In Class Work 2/13-2/15

Synthesis Matrix

Older and Wiser

Research Journal 2

I started looking for articles more relevant to my research question. I narrowed down my search to journals that have Female Genital Mutilation and mental health and them.

I also looked at how female genital mutilation impacts pregnancy and fertility of women.

I saved articles that I thought would be beneficial to my research project so that I could refer to them later.

All in all I have come away with approx. seven sources so far with two needing some comb through to make sure they will be beneficial instead of leaving me with no new information and becoming repetitive. So far it has become apparent to me that FGM does not impact fertility, but does cause a great amount of pain to those pregnant or giving birth. FGM is also not beneficial in anyway and should be eradicated.

Class Work 2-6 & 2-8 - Five Source Description

Does Female Circumcision Affect Infertility and Fertility? A Study of the Central African Republic, Cote D'Ivoire, and Tanzania

1.

Larsen, U., & Yan, S. (2000). Does Female Circumcision Affect Infertility and Fertility? A Study of the Central African Republic, Cote D'Ivoire, and Tanzania. Demography,37(3), 313-321. doi:10.2307/2648044

2. Case Control

3. Case control is used because performing this operation is inhumane. RCT cannot be used. Studies can be made up from people that have experienced this procedure.

4. The study concluded that Female genital mutilation does not increase, nor decrease, fertility. They gathered women that had experienced this procedure at different ages and tracked their fertility. This was then compared to the fertility of the general population.

5. One interesting thing that I found was that fertility is not impacted. I thought that it would decrease fertility.

Does Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) Affect Women’s Sexual Functioning? A Systematic Review of the Sexual Consequences of FGM/C

1.

Berg, R. C., & Denison, E. (2011). Does Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) Affect Women’s Sexual Functioning? A Systematic Review of the Sexual Consequences of FGM/C. Sexuality Research and Social Policy,9(1), 41-56. doi:10.1007/s13178-011-0048-z

2. Systematic Review

3. The method enables research to be conducted. This method is ethical and reasonable for the topic of female genital mutilation.

4. The results of the study was a woman whose genital tissues have been partly removed is more likely to experience increased pain and reduction in sexual satisfaction and desire.

5. One interesting thing that I found in this article is that reconstruction is an option and can increase sexual functioning that was lost.

Female genital mutilation and pregnancy: associated risks

            1.

Gayle, C., & Rymer, J. (2016). Female genital mutilation and pregnancy: associated risks. British Journal of Nursing,25(17), 978-983. doi:10.12968/bjon.2016.25.17.978

2. Case Control

3. Many doctors were involved with this study and saw how FGM impacted pregnancy and childbirth.

4. The results of this study is an increased risk of complications during pregnancy of those with FGM.

5. One interesting thing from this study is that there is a special surgical procedure that can be done for those with FGM.

Female Genital Mutilation and Mental Health: How can Research Help the Victims?

1.

Alachkar, M. (2016). Female genital mutilation and mental health: how can research help the victims? BJPsych Bulletin,40(4), 230-231. doi:10.1192/pb.40.4.230

2. Case-Control.

3. Case control studies are an ethical way of researching what happened to these unfortunate females. It also provides accurate results.

4. The conclusion made by this study is that nothing good comes from FGM and it needs to be eradicated.

5. PTSD can result from FGM.

Female genital mutilation: a hidden epidemic

(statement from the European Academy of Paediatrics)

1.

Sauer, P. J., & Neubauer, D. (2013). Female genital mutilation: a hidden epidemic (statement from the European Academy of Paediatrics). European Journal of Pediatrics,173(2), 237-238. doi:10.1007/s00431-013-2126-0

2. Case-control.

3. Case- control studies are ethical and insightful to the purpose of their intent.

4. The conclusion of this study is to refrain from FGM and start counseling for those who have gone through this procedure.

Research Question

How does female genital mutilation effect mental health and sexual functioning in females?

Research Topic

My research topic is on how female genital mutilation effects females' health and fertility.

Research Journal 1

I wanted to do something uncommon that not a lot of people would do. I originally looked for a topic on the world health organization website.

 It brought up a list of very vague and possible options for me to choose from. I clicked on female genital mutilation because I did not know what it was, so I read about it and I found it to be very interesting.

I then went to the American Journal of Public Health and conducted a search for female genital mutilation in the article.

I was not particularly happy with the search results so I tried to revise my search and changed it to female genital cutting. This also did not result in what I was looking for, so I went to the UNR library and revised the search to full online text and the journal option.

I clicked on the first article to read it.

I decided that this topic was too broad and refined it further. I found Female Genital Mutilation, Obstetric Outcomes and Primary Infertility.

I decided this to be my primary article.

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